A dramatic day after the phone diplomacy, US President Donald Trump agreed to stop definitions by 25 percent on imports from Mexico and Canada, which will enter into force on Tuesday.

But temporary suspension for a month only, and 10 percent tariffs Trump has announced Chinese imports, in addition to the current definitions that kicked it on Tuesday morning.

The threat of a multi -juvenile tariff war continues to loom on the horizon: before Trump, at the present time, he fell on his threat, Mexico and Canada have also warned against launching them. Revenge definitions The United States must, if Washington advances with the president’s identification plan. China announced its definitions.

Trump’s threats also led to the dismay of global markets and introduced condemnation from all over the world, even threatened to impose fees on the European Union and India.

But despite all the chaos launched by Trump, he is not the first American president to exceed the wars of tariffs. In fact, he is following steps from a series of wires who tried to use definitions as a tremor to obtain other countries to follow the interests of Washington.

What happened in those cases? Who are the main players concerned? What is the logical basis of Trump to try to impose definitions?

Why did Trump imposed a customs tariff on Canada, China and Mexico?

Trump justified his threat by accusing the three targeted countries of not doing enough to prevent drugs, especially fentanel, from entering the United States. He also insisted that Canada and Mexico overwhelm the United States with unauthorized migrants by allowing them to reach the American border. Finally, it alluded to the trade deficit that the United States has with each of these countries – the three most important commercial partners.

“The first number is the people who poured into our country, terribly, and a lot of … the second number are drugs, fentianils, and everything else came to the country … The third number is the huge subsidies that we provide to Canada, and Trump said in the Oval Office on Thursday:” Mexico on the deficit. “

On Saturday, Trump declared a state of emergency by summoning the Economic Forces Law in International Emergency Cases (IEPA) and imposing a tariff on the three countries. These definitions were in effect from 12:01 am EST (05:01 GMT) on Tuesday.

But after a phone call with Mexican President Claudia Shinbom and two conversations with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Trump agreed to put a customs tariff on the two homes at a period of a month.

Canada and Mexico announced that they send 10,000 soldiers to their borders to eliminate uncomfortable immigrants trying to enter the United States, and prevent fentanel from leakage across the border.

However, this decline is temporary and does not extend to it China On Sunday, Trump warned that Europe is his next goal. “They do not take our cars, and do not take our agricultural products. He told reporters at Mar Lago in Florida,” They take almost nothing and take everything from them. “

How did the wars of tariffs play in the past?

1930: SMOOT-HWLYY tariff

In 1929, the stock market in Wall Street was shattered, as he sent shock waves across the United States and the rest of the world. The great depression, a period of global economic turmoil that will last for a decade.

Months later, in June 1930, US President Herbert Hoover signed the SMOOT-HWLY law in the law. The law was originally aimed at imposing a tariff for the protection of American farmers from foreign competition, but it was extended to a wide range of products and increased customs tariffs on agricultural and industrial goods by about 20 percent.

The law was named after his best supporters, Republican Senator Red Smutt from Utah and Republican actor Willis Holie from Oregon.

Almost immediately, the action causes commercial wars. Many countries, including Canada, France and Spain, imposed a retaliatory tariff on American products. Canada slapped the definitions of 16 American products, representing about a third of the US exports at the time, according to the US -based non -profit research organization, the National Office for Economic Research (NBER).

The weakest of the US economy is the weakest of the economy. By 1933, American exports decreased by 61 percent. Smoot-Hawley is often mentioned by experts as a factor, which exacerbated the American economic crisis.

Hoover fell and the attempt to re -election failed, when Democrat Franklin de Roosevelt defeated him in the 1932 presidential election.

In June 1934, Roosevelt signed the mutual trade agreements law, which called for bilateral trade agreements with other countries to deny the effects of SMOOT-HWLY. “The full and permanent local recovery is partially dependent on the international trade that has been revived and enhanced,” the law said. Between 1934 and 1939, the Roosevelt administration negotiated trade agreements with 19 countries.

The sixties: the chicken war

In the sixties of the last century, American and European countries played an expensive chicken game across the Atlantic Ocean.

During World War II from 1939 to 1945, red meat was legalized. The United States government has started a campaign to encourage Americans to eat fish and poultry instead. In the following years, the United States increased the plant’s planting for chicken, which reduced the price of poultry.

The period after World War II also witnessed the acceleration of globalization. Europe has started buying cheap chicken from the United States. As a result, European farmers were afraid of their pricing from the market with the heavy -inverted American chicken in charge of the opening, and a biopsy.

In 1962, members of the European economic community (EEC), which was later absorbed in the European Union, imposed a tariff on American chicken. France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, their tariffs on American poultry increased to 13.43 cents (about $ 1.4 today), for every pound of chicken.

American poultry exports to Europe fell sharply. Between 1962 and 1963, US global chicken exports decreased About 30 percentAccording to a report issued by the Ministry of Agriculture in the United States.

In 1963, President Lyndon Bohnson imposed a retaliatory tariff on: potato starch, 25 cents ($ 2.57 now) per pound; Brande, $ 5 ($ 51.3) per gallon if it is more than $ 92 ($ 92.4 now) per gallon; Dexterin, a chemical used to manufacture paper, 3 cents ($ 0.31 now) per pound; Car trucks are valued at more than $ 1,000 (10,267.7 dollars now) by 25 percent.

“Chicken tax” on light trucks is still valid. This has led to a cat and mouse game between foreign manufacturers trying to reach the American markets and organizers. Manufacturers have tried to build models that can meet the specifications of passenger vehicles, or can be assembled in the United States. In the end, though, Asian car manufacturers, especially from Japan, mostly established factories in North America.

1982: Wood war between the United States and Canada

The United States was convinced that it could see wood for trees, as it was fighting Canada on soft wood.

The root of the conflict was the fact that Canada grows and harvested wood from public lands, with prices determined by the government. On the other hand, the United States reaps wood from the ownership pieces of private ownership.

In 1982, the United States argued that Canada was fairly supported by soft wood, which led to several rounds of conflict, definitions and revenge definitions.

Wood war continues. Canadian wood faces a currently 14 percent tariff in the United States, even before Trump threatens to add 25 percent.

The United States imports nearly half of its wooden products from Canada, according to the economic complexity.

1987: Definitions of Japanese cars

In 1987, President Ronald Reagan imposed 100 percent of Japanese imports of $ 300 million, in particular, cars from the East Asian nation.

The Reagan administration said it imposed these definitions as a result of Tokyo’s decline on the conditions of the semiconductor trade agreement in 1986 with Washington. The agreement asked Japan to open its market for semiconductors issued by the United States.

Japan did not decrease. “In the hope of preventing this issue from causing severe damage to the world’s free trade system, the Japanese government decided, from this broader perspective, not to take any reprisal measures immediately,” Hagimi Tamura, the Minister of International Trade of Japan, told Al -Sahafa newspaper.

The things that strained the Japanese economy, the value of the yen decreased and exports decreased. In the nineties, Japan fell into a recession that ended in 2002.

Before the definitions, the United States had a huge trade deficit with Japan. In 1986, the deficit was about $ 55 billion. The deficit decreased slightly, to less than $ 52 billion in 1988 and 43 billion dollars in 1991. The deficit has been fluctuated since then, and has recently increased. In 2023, it amounted to $ 72 billion.

1993: Banana division

In 1993, shortly after the formation of the European Union, the bloc put a customs tariff on bananas from Latin American countries to give small farmers in the former Caribbean colonies and African colonies in the market.

The United States argued that this contradicts free trade rules. Her attention? Most of the banana farms in Latin America were owned by American companies whose profits were in danger.

The United States submitted eight separate complaints with the World Trade Organization (WTO), an international body that oversees trade between countries. In the first case presented in 1997, the World Trade Organization ruled in favor of the United States. World Trade Organization then Constantly A trait.

While the European Union said it reduces the definitions, the United States argued that fair trade was not restored. In revenge, the United States imposed a 100 percent tariff on European products such as Scottish cashmere or French cheese. Bananas were for myri.

The decision began with the Geneva Banana Convention in December 2009, approved by the United States, the European Union and 10 Latin American countries. He called for a decrease in tariffs on bananas from Latin American countries from 148 euros per ton to 114 euros per ton by 2017.

In 2012, the European Union signed an agreement with Latin American countries to officially end the World Trade Organization. Latin American countries were Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Venezuela.

2002: Steel War with Europe

To enhance the American steel industry, President George W. Bush puts a tariff ranging between 8 to 30 percent on steel from foreign countries. Mexico and Canada were exempt from this, but it struck Europe.

Steel imports from countries affected by Bush tariff goals fell by about 28 percent on average in 2002, and 37 percent by 2003, according to an analysis conducted by the French Research Institute Center, the international possibilities of the French Institute (CEPII) (CEPII). However, the United States has started importing more steel from countries that were not targeted by definitions. In general, US steel imports grew by 3 percent in 12 months after the tariff imposed.

These definitions affected the American steel industry. Some smaller steel companies have either or gained by large companies.

In retaliation, Europe threatened definitions on a group of US products worth $ 2.2 billion (about $ 3.85 billion now), starting from oranges from Florida to Harley Davidson bicycles. Days before Europe imposed these definitions, Bush raised steel definitions in 2003.

2018: Trump’s first tariff war

Trump was the first as president from 2016 to 2020.

In January 2018, he presented a tariff on all solar panels and washing machines. While the customs tariff did not differentiate between the source of these products, China is the world’s largest solar panels factory. In June 2018, Trump imposed a 25 percent tariff on more than 800 products from China.

In between, in April 2018, Beijing responded with a retaliatory tariff 178.6 percent on the fine atom of the United States. This customs tariff was removed in May 2018. China also imposed a 25 percent tariff on 128 American products, including soybeans and aircraft.

That year, Trump also ranked 25 percent tariffs on steel, and a 10 percent tariff on aluminum, from Canada, Mexico and European Union countries.

Like China, other targeted countries declined.

Canada has put definitions of 25 percent and 10 percent of the customs tariff on a range of products coming from the United States. From the summer of 2019 to 2020, the United States and China imposed a multiple tariff on each other, while it was trying to negotiate. China lost its position as a major business partner for the United States in Mexico in 2019. After negotiations between the United States and China, a truce was announced in January 2020.

However, Democratic President Joe Biden, who inherited the trade war when he won the elections in 2020, extended the customs tariffs of Trump’s solar in 2022. In February 2023, the validity of definitions on washing machines finally ended.